A short description about India’s Constitution And Liberal Democracy

The Constitution of India sought to cast India as a liberal, democratic republic, in keeping with the ideals of the members of the Constituent Assembly.

Democracy vs Republic

A democracy is a system of government where popular vote selects who gets to govern and make decisions. Republics are democracies, but come with a set of limitations on the powers of government. In a Republic, there exist inalienable rights which cannot be taken away by majority vote. The Indian Constitution, thus is a republican one, and bestows rights on its citizens which they cannot be deprived of by majority vote.

However, constitutions can be amended. As with most democratic constitutions, the Indian Constitution has provisions that allow it to be amended with a two-thirds majority in both Houses of Parliament, and a simple majority in a majority of state legislatures. Courts have ruled that this power of amendment is limited, but that’s a discussion for another day.

Popular Will

The popular will of Indians, as borne out by electoral results, often stands in contrast to the constitution. Unconstitutional ideas often seem to have wide popular acceptance, including

• Exclusion of citizens on the basis on not speaking the majority language of the state
• Preferential treatment of citizens on the basis of caste or religion
• Subversion of constitutional affirmative action by forward castes that now want reservations!
• Misuse of Constitutional protection for Minorities, and conversely, subversion of such protections

While these and similar ideas are hard to codify into law — they would be thrown in a jiffy by courts — it is not very hard to set up an informal system of preferential treatment helped out by a pliant bureaucracy and police force. Past governments in UP have been not-so-shining examples of caste and religious groupings (M-Y etc.) that voted a government into power being treated preferentially.

A rather openly majoritarian government being elected in the same state is now cause for concern. The sudden heightened concern stands in contrast to significant lack of concern shown for lapses by the “other” side in the past (riots, accusation of bias shown towards M-Y by the police etc.). However, while a pendulum does swing, and how, it cannot be of much comfort to the liberal mind that the shoe has moved to the other foot.

Adolf Hitler (1889 —1945 and Nazism in Germany (A. D. 1933 --A. D. 1945) MeinKampf

Adolf Hitler (1889 —1945)

   
   Adolf Hitler was born in 1889 in Austria. His father was a custom officer. He lost his parents very early. He went to Vienna for jop.

   He was a painter for sometime. He joined the army during the First World War and fought bravely for which he was awarded the lron Cross. After the war, he did not get any job and he took to politics. He organized a group of men called the National Socialists in 1919, which became Nazist party. He gave his group a programme, a symbol and uniform. The followers of Hitler were called 'Brown Shirts' and he was called 'Fuhrer' (Lesder) His party emblem was Swastika His secret police was Gestapo.

   Hitler began his political career as an agitator. In 1923, he made an attempt to capture power  It was known as 'Beer Hall Revolution '. But he failed and was arrested for high treason and sentenced to 5 years improvement. While he was in prison he wrote a book called 'Mein Kampf (my Struggle) , which became the bible of Nazis.Soon he was released.

Capture of power 

    Under the inspiring leadership of Hitler, the Nazi party grew in power and number. In the electron of 1932, the Nazi party become the 2nd largest group in the German Parliament (Reichstag - Lower House). In 1933, the Nazists became the largest party in the Germany Parliament, and Hitler became the Chancellor and Hindenburg as president. On the death of President Hindenburg in August 1934, Hitler made himself president and Chancellor. He abolished the Weimer Republic and proclaimed Third Reich (Empire) wrth himself as dictator. Thus Hitler became the Fuhrer (LEADER) of Germany. Hitlar declared
 
       * 'One people' 
       * 'One State '
       * 'One Leader '
Achievements of Hitler

   The Nazis glorified the German State, Hitler boasted about the superiority of the Nordic race which stood for the rise of all the great culture and had utmost contempt for the Semitic Jews. He wanted to maintain a German race with Nordic elements. He ordered the Jews to be persecuted.

   Hitler believed in action, force and terrorism. There was no scope for public liberty. Nazism was an one party state and all other parties were outlawed.

Hitler 's Aggressive police

   Hitler introduced conscription and reared Germany. He followed the policy of aggression and conquered territories to accommodate the growing population and to accumulate resources. He pulled Germany out of the League of Nations in 1933. In 1936  he re occupied Rhine land  the demilitarized zone and violated the Locarno treaty of 1925.

Rome - Berlin - Tokyo Axis.

   He annexed Austria in 1938. When he wanted to annexe Sudetenland from C echo Slovakia, an agreement was signed between Germany and Neville chamberlain, the then prime Minister of Great Britain at Munich in 1938. By the Munich pact Germany was allowed to annex the Sudetenland but not to conquer any more territories. In 1939, Hitler violated the Munich agreement by annexing the whole of Czech Slovakia. It greatly alarmed Britain and France.

In 1941, Hitler invaded Russia,      

     breaking the Non - aggression pact with Stalin. This invasion failed to achieve the quick triumph that Hitler wanted. In 1945 the allied forces entered Berlin, Hitler having lost all hopes of success committed suicide in his bunker. After the death of Hitler  the Second World War came to an end and the Nazi party was also fizzled away. 

C. Rajagopalachari Hsitory Kula Kalvi Thittam Chanakya 1937 provincial Election

C. Rajagopalachari

    C. Rajaji was born on December 10th 1878 Thorappalli . He became a lawyer at Salem in 1898 .Rajagopalachari joined the Indian Nation Congress and participated in the Calcutta session 1906 . He became the staunch follower of Gandhiji. He participated in the surat session in 1907. In 1930, he broke the salt laws at Vedaranyam.

March to Vedaranyam from Thiruchirapalli                                            

     with hundreds of volunteers to break salt laws. He won the 1937 provincial election and became the Chief Minister of Madras presidency. During his administration he introduced Prohibition, passed several laws to uplift Adi Dravidr and other depressed classes. He also made Hindi as compulsory subject but it was opposed by Periyar EVR. He resigned his Chief ministarship in 1939 in protest against the use of Indian men and materials the second world War by the British Government without their consent . He became the first Indian Governor General of free India . In 1952 he formed the ministry in Tamilnadu. During that time he introduced Kula Kalvi Thittam But it was opposed by Kamaraj and Periyar EVR and at last Rajaji resigned from Chief Ministership in 1954. Later he resigned from Congress and founded Swatandra party in 1959. Rajaji wrote many book. He wrote Sakkravarthi Thirumagal , Vyassar Virudu and commentaries on Gita and Upanisad. In 1955, he was awarded Bharat Ratana '. He died on Dec. 25 , 1972 . He was often referred as Chanakya' for his diplomatic skills.

The United Nations Organization Major Achievements of the United Nations

United Nations Organization. 

   The United Nations Organization, an international organization was established in 1945 . During the second world War (in 1941) the American president F. D. Roosevelt and the British prime Minister Winston Churchill met on a battle ship and concluded the Atlantic charter.  This charter was discussed in various conferences .

   It was finally discovered in the San Francisco conference of 1045. The UN Harter was signed at San Francisco on 26th June 1945 . As the result UNO came into persent UNO came into existence on 24th October 1945. At present UNO has 193 members with head quarters at New York

Main Objective

   To maintain international peace and security

    To develop friendly relations among nations

    To settle international disputes by peaceful means

    To be a centre for helping nations to achieve these goals.

    Organs of the UNO

    The UNO has six major organs . They are ,

1.The General Assembly.
2.Tne Security Council.
3.The Economic and Social Council.
4.Trusteehip Council.
5.The International Court of Justice.
6.The Secretariat.

Specialized Agencies 

    The specialized agencies of the UNO are meny . A few are mentioned below .

1.The World Health Organization (WHO)
2.The United Nations Educational, Scientific and cultural Organizations (UNESCO)
3.The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
4. The International Labour Organisations (ILO)
5.Food and Agricultural Organisations (FAO)
6.International Monetary Fund (IMF)
7.International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
    The Organization develop the economic and social aspects of the member countries.

Major Achievements of the United Nations 

    *  UNO has rendered a great service in establishing peace and security by solving various problems generally political disputes by International Court of Justice and others by special agencies .

    *  The UNO has solved many international disputes and preserves peace in the world through peaceful negotiations .

    *  It settled disputes between Israel and Palestine, Iran and Iraq withdrawal of soviet troops from Afghanistan .

   *  It has signed NTBT(Nuclear Test Ban Treaty)  in 1963 and CTBT) Compre
hensive Test Ban Trrsty I. Treaty in 1996.

   *  At the UN Conferences on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 , all countries adopted "Agenda 21" -
a blueprint to promote sustainable development or the concept of economic growth while protecting natural resources .

   *  The UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) and the International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW) have supported programs and projects to improve the quality of life for women in over 100 countries.

   *  The UNO played a vital role in the Suez canal crisis of 1956 . It made France, Britain and Israel to withdraw troops from Egypt. The UNO also settled the Korea

50th Anniversary Celebration 

   In 1995 the United Nations celebrated its 50th Anniversary of service to the global community. An overall theme of the celebration, "We The people of the United Nations. United for a Better World," was endorsed by the General Assembly in October 1993. In November 1995 the UN flag was carried into outer space by the astronauts of the Space Shuttle Atlantis, to salute United Nations work for the world peace.

What are most C. N. Annadurai places in chennai still named after C. N. Annadurai

C. N. ANNADURAI

   C. N. ANNADURAI, who was affectionality called as 'peraingnarAnna' by the people of Tamil Nadu was born on 15th September, 1909 at Kancheepuram. He had his M. A., in the pachaiyappa's College,Madras.He was the founder of the "Dravida MunnetraKazhagam"

   Anna's inception into politics was though the Justice party. The desire to work for social cause made him to join the Justice party. Anna chose the Justice party to work for the establishment of a casteless and classless society.

Anna joined the Justice party 

   Anna was a good orator. He was recognised as one of the foremost speakers of those days. When Anna joined the Justice party he had the privilege of working under the leadership of periyar E. V. Ramasamy. the party provided the right platform for him and so he joined the self respect movement which was started for the elimination of social inequalities.

   In the anti - Hindi conference organized by periyar at Kanjeewaram Anna quoted that Hindi could never take the place of Tamil and make any take the place of Tamil and make any road in well settled Tamil culture.

Salem Conferences of 1944,

   In the Salem conference of 1944,Anna brought resolution for changing the name of Justice party as Dravidar Kazhakam and became very close to Maniammai in 1947 gave severe blow to the party men.A new party called Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam was formed on 17th September 1949 . Anna explained in his speech the purpose and principles of the party. He became the General Secretary of the party.

 In The Election of 1967

   In the election of 1967, his paty got victory and Anna became the Chief Ministar of Tamil Nadu in 1967. He introduced the scheme of 1kg rice for Re. 1.Due to financial strain he was not able to promulgate this system all over Tamil Nadu. He also introduced Tamil Language Development Scheme.

   In 1967, Chief MinisterChief Minister of Tamil Nadu announced, the first day of Chittirai as Tamil New Year day. Government under the leadership of Anna changed the official name of the state frome 'Madras' to 'Tamizhaga Arasu'. 
On 16th April in the Secretariat in Fort St George the Chief Minister Anna ceremoniously switched on neon light in the form of State Emblem - a Temple Gopuram. above the worde 'Tamizhaga Arasu Talaimai Cheyalagam'.At the same day he announced that the national motto 'Satyameva Jayate' would henceforth appear as 'Vaimaye Vellum' and that Sanskrit forms of address Sri\Mathi\Kumari would replace the Tamil forms of Thir/Thirumathi /Selvi. 


He was conferred Doctorate by Annamalai University in 1968.He passed away on 3rd February 1969.
   

Vellore Mutiny - 1806 Causes for the Revolt Causes for the Failure of the Mutiny TNBSC

VELLORE MUTINY - 1806

   The south Indian rebellion was over by A. D. 1806.But the rude shock was not erased from the minds of the people. The English East India Company emerged as the unopposed ruler of Madras presidency from 1801 A. D. Lord William Bentinck was the Governor of Madras Presidency and John Craddock was commander - in - chief. His army reforms invited a mutiny at Vellore. The Vellore Mutiny of 1806 was the first instance of a mutiny Indian sepoy against the East India Company.

Causes for the Revolt 

The mutineers were influenced by the family of Tipu sultan who were confined to the Vellore fort after the death of Tipu Sultan.
 
   The recruimend of a large number of Indians in the army created suspicion in the minds of the Indian people. Most of the sepoys were from the palayams After the death of their great leaders like pulithavan, Kattabomman, Marudhu brothers, it left deep scar in the hearts of the rebels. The sepoys were from both Tamil and Kannada speaking regions and they exchanged betel leaf in order to find themselves together for the attainment of a common goa.

New Methods and Changes in Dress Code

   The strict discipline, new weapons, new methods and changes in dress code introduced by the British created resentment among the sepoys. Hindus were prohibited from wearing ornaments like earing and caste marks on their forehead. Muslims were required to shave their beard and trim their mustache. This also created a strong resentment among the soldiers.

Agnew Turban designed by General Agnew. 

   The immediate cause was the introduction of the Agnew Turban designed by General Agnew. It resembled the European hat bearing different colors affixed by a badge with the symbol of the cross on it This annoyed both the Hindu and Muslim sepoys. Those sepoys who refused to wear the Turban were punished by 500-900 lashed and they were also terminated from the service.


Course of the Rebellion 

   The rebellion was instigated by the sone of Tipu Sultan and they secretly planned the Revolt. On July 9th 1806 the wedding celebration of Tipu's daughter was going on inside the fort and the sepoys gathered to attend the function. Amidst the celebration in the early hours of July 10th,the sepoys suddenly attacked the British officers and the British troops. By dawn, the mutineers took complete control of the fort and hoisted the flag of Tipu at the Vellore fort and proceeded his son Fateh Hyder as the king.

Causes for the Failure of the Mutiny 

   There was no proper leadership. The Revolt was not organized. Tipu's son did not have proper training in warfar as they spent most of their life time in prison. The sepoys could not get the support and supplies on time from the native rulers.

Results

   Many Indian soldiers were arrested and imprisoned. Tipu's family was taken to Calcutta and kept in prion for more than six years. The Mutiny revealed the patriotic and the revengeful attitude of the Indians towards the British. Though the mutiny failed, it became a prelude to the First war of Indian Independence of 1857.
   

Ramakrishna mission 1897 useful notes on the Ramakrishna Mission and Swami Vivekanandha your Article Libray

Ramakrishna mission - 1897

   The Ramakrishna Mission was named after Sri Ramakrishna paramahamsar. The Ramakrishna Mission is a philanthropic, volunteer organization found by swamy Vivekanandha, the chief disciple of Shri Rammohan, on May 1,1897. The mission conducts extensive work in health care, disaster relief, management, tribal welfare, elementary and higher education and culture, The mission's headquarters is at Belur Math near Kolkata in India.

   Ramakrishna was born in an orthodox Brahmin family in Bengal in 1836. He married Saradhamani Devi. He was a devotee of Godess Kali. He was a priest in the Dakshineswar kali Temple. He had visions of Rama, Shiva, kali, Allah and Jesus. The convinced him that there is only one God and the different forms of God are only but different manifestation. He died in 1886.

   popularly known as Swami vivekanandha became his disciple and a wandering monk. He spread the Divine message of Ramakrishna all over the world. In 1893 , he was delegate to the Parliament of the World's Religions at Chicago in the USA 🇺🇸. His speech here, beginning with "Sisters and Brothers of Universe" became very famous and brought him widespread recognition . The aims and ideals of the mission are purely spiritual and humanitarian and has no connection with politics Vivekanandha proclaimed "Renunciation and Service" as the two fold national ideals of modern India and Ramakrishna mission strives to practice and preach these ideals. The service activities are based on the message of "Jeeva is Shiva" form. According to Swami Vivekanandha 'Services to poor is Service to God' 

Narendranath Dutta

The activities of Ramakrishna Mission cover the following areas :

Educational work, Health care, cultural activities, Rural upliftement, Tribal welfare, and Youth movement. The Ramakrishna Mission has its own hospitals, charitable dispensaries, maternity clinic, tuberculosis clinic, and mobile dispensaries. It also maintains training centres for nurses. Orphanage and home for the elderly are included in the mission's filed of activities, along with rural and tribal welfare work.

  In educational activities, the Ramakrishna Mission has established many renowned educational institutions in India, having its own university, college, vocational training centres. The Ramakrishna Mission is also involved in disaster relief operations during famine, epidemic, fire, flood, earthquake, cyclone and communal disturbance.

   The Ramakrishna Mission played an important role in the installation of Photovoltaic (PV) lighting systems in the Sundarbans region of West Bengal.The PV lighting was used to provide electricity to the people who were traditionally depending on kerosene and diesel.

   In a speech made in 1993, Federico Mayor, Director - General of UNESCO, stated, l am indeed struck by the similarity of the constitution of the Ramakrishna Mission which Vivekanandha established as early as 1897 with that of UNESCO drawn up in 1945".