What are most C. N. Annadurai places in chennai still named after C. N. Annadurai

C. N. ANNADURAI

   C. N. ANNADURAI, who was affectionality called as 'peraingnarAnna' by the people of Tamil Nadu was born on 15th September, 1909 at Kancheepuram. He had his M. A., in the pachaiyappa's College,Madras.He was the founder of the "Dravida MunnetraKazhagam"

   Anna's inception into politics was though the Justice party. The desire to work for social cause made him to join the Justice party. Anna chose the Justice party to work for the establishment of a casteless and classless society.

Anna joined the Justice party 

   Anna was a good orator. He was recognised as one of the foremost speakers of those days. When Anna joined the Justice party he had the privilege of working under the leadership of periyar E. V. Ramasamy. the party provided the right platform for him and so he joined the self respect movement which was started for the elimination of social inequalities.

   In the anti - Hindi conference organized by periyar at Kanjeewaram Anna quoted that Hindi could never take the place of Tamil and make any take the place of Tamil and make any road in well settled Tamil culture.

Salem Conferences of 1944,

   In the Salem conference of 1944,Anna brought resolution for changing the name of Justice party as Dravidar Kazhakam and became very close to Maniammai in 1947 gave severe blow to the party men.A new party called Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam was formed on 17th September 1949 . Anna explained in his speech the purpose and principles of the party. He became the General Secretary of the party.

 In The Election of 1967

   In the election of 1967, his paty got victory and Anna became the Chief Ministar of Tamil Nadu in 1967. He introduced the scheme of 1kg rice for Re. 1.Due to financial strain he was not able to promulgate this system all over Tamil Nadu. He also introduced Tamil Language Development Scheme.

   In 1967, Chief MinisterChief Minister of Tamil Nadu announced, the first day of Chittirai as Tamil New Year day. Government under the leadership of Anna changed the official name of the state frome 'Madras' to 'Tamizhaga Arasu'. 
On 16th April in the Secretariat in Fort St George the Chief Minister Anna ceremoniously switched on neon light in the form of State Emblem - a Temple Gopuram. above the worde 'Tamizhaga Arasu Talaimai Cheyalagam'.At the same day he announced that the national motto 'Satyameva Jayate' would henceforth appear as 'Vaimaye Vellum' and that Sanskrit forms of address Sri\Mathi\Kumari would replace the Tamil forms of Thir/Thirumathi /Selvi. 


He was conferred Doctorate by Annamalai University in 1968.He passed away on 3rd February 1969.
   

Vellore Mutiny - 1806 Causes for the Revolt Causes for the Failure of the Mutiny TNBSC

VELLORE MUTINY - 1806

   The south Indian rebellion was over by A. D. 1806.But the rude shock was not erased from the minds of the people. The English East India Company emerged as the unopposed ruler of Madras presidency from 1801 A. D. Lord William Bentinck was the Governor of Madras Presidency and John Craddock was commander - in - chief. His army reforms invited a mutiny at Vellore. The Vellore Mutiny of 1806 was the first instance of a mutiny Indian sepoy against the East India Company.

Causes for the Revolt 

The mutineers were influenced by the family of Tipu sultan who were confined to the Vellore fort after the death of Tipu Sultan.
 
   The recruimend of a large number of Indians in the army created suspicion in the minds of the Indian people. Most of the sepoys were from the palayams After the death of their great leaders like pulithavan, Kattabomman, Marudhu brothers, it left deep scar in the hearts of the rebels. The sepoys were from both Tamil and Kannada speaking regions and they exchanged betel leaf in order to find themselves together for the attainment of a common goa.

New Methods and Changes in Dress Code

   The strict discipline, new weapons, new methods and changes in dress code introduced by the British created resentment among the sepoys. Hindus were prohibited from wearing ornaments like earing and caste marks on their forehead. Muslims were required to shave their beard and trim their mustache. This also created a strong resentment among the soldiers.

Agnew Turban designed by General Agnew. 

   The immediate cause was the introduction of the Agnew Turban designed by General Agnew. It resembled the European hat bearing different colors affixed by a badge with the symbol of the cross on it This annoyed both the Hindu and Muslim sepoys. Those sepoys who refused to wear the Turban were punished by 500-900 lashed and they were also terminated from the service.


Course of the Rebellion 

   The rebellion was instigated by the sone of Tipu Sultan and they secretly planned the Revolt. On July 9th 1806 the wedding celebration of Tipu's daughter was going on inside the fort and the sepoys gathered to attend the function. Amidst the celebration in the early hours of July 10th,the sepoys suddenly attacked the British officers and the British troops. By dawn, the mutineers took complete control of the fort and hoisted the flag of Tipu at the Vellore fort and proceeded his son Fateh Hyder as the king.

Causes for the Failure of the Mutiny 

   There was no proper leadership. The Revolt was not organized. Tipu's son did not have proper training in warfar as they spent most of their life time in prison. The sepoys could not get the support and supplies on time from the native rulers.

Results

   Many Indian soldiers were arrested and imprisoned. Tipu's family was taken to Calcutta and kept in prion for more than six years. The Mutiny revealed the patriotic and the revengeful attitude of the Indians towards the British. Though the mutiny failed, it became a prelude to the First war of Indian Independence of 1857.
   

Ramakrishna mission 1897 useful notes on the Ramakrishna Mission and Swami Vivekanandha your Article Libray

Ramakrishna mission - 1897

   The Ramakrishna Mission was named after Sri Ramakrishna paramahamsar. The Ramakrishna Mission is a philanthropic, volunteer organization found by swamy Vivekanandha, the chief disciple of Shri Rammohan, on May 1,1897. The mission conducts extensive work in health care, disaster relief, management, tribal welfare, elementary and higher education and culture, The mission's headquarters is at Belur Math near Kolkata in India.

   Ramakrishna was born in an orthodox Brahmin family in Bengal in 1836. He married Saradhamani Devi. He was a devotee of Godess Kali. He was a priest in the Dakshineswar kali Temple. He had visions of Rama, Shiva, kali, Allah and Jesus. The convinced him that there is only one God and the different forms of God are only but different manifestation. He died in 1886.

   popularly known as Swami vivekanandha became his disciple and a wandering monk. He spread the Divine message of Ramakrishna all over the world. In 1893 , he was delegate to the Parliament of the World's Religions at Chicago in the USA 🇺🇸. His speech here, beginning with "Sisters and Brothers of Universe" became very famous and brought him widespread recognition . The aims and ideals of the mission are purely spiritual and humanitarian and has no connection with politics Vivekanandha proclaimed "Renunciation and Service" as the two fold national ideals of modern India and Ramakrishna mission strives to practice and preach these ideals. The service activities are based on the message of "Jeeva is Shiva" form. According to Swami Vivekanandha 'Services to poor is Service to God' 

Narendranath Dutta

The activities of Ramakrishna Mission cover the following areas :

Educational work, Health care, cultural activities, Rural upliftement, Tribal welfare, and Youth movement. The Ramakrishna Mission has its own hospitals, charitable dispensaries, maternity clinic, tuberculosis clinic, and mobile dispensaries. It also maintains training centres for nurses. Orphanage and home for the elderly are included in the mission's filed of activities, along with rural and tribal welfare work.

  In educational activities, the Ramakrishna Mission has established many renowned educational institutions in India, having its own university, college, vocational training centres. The Ramakrishna Mission is also involved in disaster relief operations during famine, epidemic, fire, flood, earthquake, cyclone and communal disturbance.

   The Ramakrishna Mission played an important role in the installation of Photovoltaic (PV) lighting systems in the Sundarbans region of West Bengal.The PV lighting was used to provide electricity to the people who were traditionally depending on kerosene and diesel.

   In a speech made in 1993, Federico Mayor, Director - General of UNESCO, stated, l am indeed struck by the similarity of the constitution of the Ramakrishna Mission which Vivekanandha established as early as 1897 with that of UNESCO drawn up in 1945". 

Samarasa Suddha Sanmarga sangam - 1865 Ramalinga Adigal Vallalar Sathya Dharmasalai

Samarasa Suddha Sanmarga sangam - 1865

   Samarasa Suddha Sanmarga sangam was started by Ramalinga Adigal popularly known as Vallalar. St Ramalinga of Vadalur was born at marudhur near Chidambaram in 1823. He played a prominent role in the social and religious reform movement in Tamil Nadu during the 19th century. Being spiritual, his song and works were a harmonious blend of social Reforms and religious sentiments. He tried his best to find solution to the social evils by inculcating spiritual awareness.

   St. Ramalinga led to unity and solidarity of the Tamil. In that sense alone, he favored the creation of a casteless society to be guided by God whom he believed to be in the form of 'Arul perum Jothi' 
He condemned the inequalities based on birth and promoted universal love and broth hood.

Sathiya Dharma Salai in1867

   Ramalinga Adigal believed that hunger and poverty are the evils of the society. He advocated that feeding the poor is tha highest form of worship. As a result he founded Sathya Dharma Salai in1867 at Vadalur for feeding the poor. On the inaugural day he lit the fire of the stone stove with a declaration that the fire ever alive and the needy shall be fed for ever. As per the declaration it provides food to every one irrespective of caste and creed through out the year.

   St. Ramalinga had the view that love is the "Master key to spirituality" Vallalar showed his compassion and mercy not only on human being but also on plants, insects, birds and animals. This is called 'Jeeva Karunya' (Mercy to life). That is why he said, Vaadiya Payirai Kandapodhellam Vaadinaen. He opposed the superstitious beliefs and rituals. He emphasized on 'being vegetarian'. He forbade the killing of animals for the sake of food.

   One of the primary teaching of Vallalar is 'Service to mankind is the path of Moksha' God is the personification of mercy and knowledge. The path of compassion and mercy are the only path to God. In 1872, he established 'Sathya Gnana Sabai', Hall of True wisdom Forum and ensuring it was entirely Secular. His devotional songs are compiled in a volume called 'Thiru Arutpa'.
   

Lord Dalhousie becam the Governor General of India in (A. D. 1848-A.D 1855) He introduced many reforms in India. Railway reforms Social Reforms Educational Reforms

Reforms of Lord Dalhousie

     Dalhousie was not only a great conqueror but also a great administrator. He introduced many reforms in India.

Administrative reforms
    
    Provinces were divided into districts and each district was put unter a Deputy commissioner. Simla was made the summer capital while Calcutta remained as the winter capital. He introduced a uniform system of administration in the provinces of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.

Introduction of Railways

   The first Railway line was laid in 1853 between Bombay and Thane.In 1854 a Railway line was laid from Howray to Ranikanj. In 1856,a Railway line was laid from Madras to Arakonam. The Railways increased the volume of trade. It was easy for the British government to send the troops, goods and raw materials easily from one place to another.

Lord Dalhousie was known as the 'Father of Indian Railways' 

Post and Telegraph 

   Dalhousie also introduced a uniform postage system. For the first time, the postal stamps were used in India. He introduced 1/2 Anna (3 paise ) postal system. Telegraph lines were also laid down. Thus communication system received an impetus under Dalhousie.

Commercial reforms

   Lord Dalhousie introduced free trade. Madras, Bombay and Calcutta ports were improved. He improved several harbors and equipped them with modern facilities.

Social Reforms

   He also supressd the Thugs. In 1856 the Hindu Widow rae-marriage Act was passed. He encouraged the widow re - marriages. He allowed a person to inherit his ancestral property even if he changed his religion.

Public Works Department

   Many canal, roads and bridges were built and several other welfare work was undertaken. The Grand Trunk road
Connecting Calcutta to Peshwar was refurbished. The Ganga canal was also dug.

Education reforms

   During the period of Dalhousie,Sir Charles Wood's Despatch in 1854 introduced several educational reforms in India. Training institutions were also established to provide training to the teacher. The universities of Calcutta  Bombay and Madras were established to provide higher Education to people.

Estimate : His period is ever remembered for the introduction of Railways, posts and telegraphs. Hence he is known as the 'Maker of Modern India'

Practice question:link
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The Great Revolt of 1857 Causes of the Revolt of 1857 Political causes Economic causes Social and religious causes

The Great Revolt of 1857 

    The biggest challenge to British authority came in 1857. The Revolt of 1857 began with a mutiny of the Soldiers but soon people from all section of the society joined with the.
   
    The revolt occurred during the Governor Generaship of Lord Conning. There are differences of opinion among the historians regarding the nature of the Great Revolt of 1857. The English historian regard it as mere sepoy mutiny, with selfish interest. The Indian historians called it as "The First War of Indian Independence".

Causes of the Revolt of 1857. 
Political causes 
    The British policies of annexation and expansion created suspicion in the minds of the Indians. Lord Wellesley's. Subsidiary Alliance and Lord Dalhousie's Doctrine of Lapse made the Indian rulers as the dead enemies of the English.

Economic causes. 
    All trade and commerce of the country went into the hands of the English. The introduction of machine made goods by the British destroyed the indigenous industries.
   All high posts were reserved only for the English. It created ill feeling against the English.

Social and religious causes
    The English has begun to interfere in the religious affairs by abolishing Sati and child marriage and encouraging widow rae-marriage. The Hindu law of property was changed with a view to facilitate the conversion of the Hindus to Christianity.

Military cause
    Moreover, in order to make the sepoy look smarter, the sepoys were asked to trim their mustaches and beards. They were also ordered to remove their caste marks on their forehead and to replace the turban with leather hat. Hindu and the Muslims felt that it was against their religion. The Sikhs never trim their hair or beard. This hurt them deeply.

Immediate cause 
    The immediate cause of the Revolt of 1857 was the introduction of greased cartridges in the new Enfield Rifle. These cartridges had to be bitten by the sepoys in order to fit them in the New Rifles. A rumour spread that these cartridges were greased with the Hindus and the Muslims refused to use these greased cartridges. The sepoys got infuriated and refused to use them as the cow was considered sacred by the Hindus and the pig was detested by the Muslims.
   
     The first soldier to protect against the greased cartridge was Mangal Pandey, the Brahmin Sepoy, at Barrackpore in Bengal.
 He refused to use the cartridges and shot his officer dead on April 8th 1857. He was arrested and hanged to death.

Queen's Proclamation of 1858
    A Royal Durbar was held at Allahabad on November 1st 1858, where the Queen's proclamation was decorated. It was read at the Durbar by Lord Conning who was the last Governor General and the first Viceroy of India.

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Lord William Bentinck (A.D).1828 - A. D. 1835) He is famous for this reforms Sati Prohibition Act was passed in 1829

Lord William Bentinck (A. D.1828 - A.D.1835)

Lord Amherst was succeeded by Lord William Bentinck  He followed a policy of non-interference with regard to the dependent Indian states  He is famous for his reforms. He is considered to be one of the greatest Governors General of india. His reforms can be classified as follows

Financial reforms. 

In order to improve the finance of the East India Company  he reduced the salaries of the civil servants  He appointed several Indians on low salaries. He regulated the opium trad and increased the income of the company.

Judicial reforms 

He abolished the provincial courts of appeal and he set up a Sadar Diwani Adalat (civil Court) and a sadar Nizamat Adalat (criminal court) in Allahabad.

Administrative reforms

He abolished perian as the court languages and introduced vernacular languages.
Lord Macaulay was made the first law member.

Social Reforms (Abolition of Sati) 

Lord Bentinck could not tolerate such an inhuman act  So sati Prohibition Act was passed in 1829 with the help of Raja Ram Mohan Raj, a social reformer  Lord Bentinck declared Sati as a criminal and illegal offence  As per the Act  anyone who forced a woman to perform sati would be given capital punishment.

Abolition of female infanticide 

The wild tribes of Odisha followed the practice of human sacrifice of human sacrifice  to please their Gods.Lord Bentinck declared that any person who practiced this barbarous act would be treated as a murderer

Suppression of Thugs

Lord William Bentinck decided to stop this evil practice  Under Major Seeman, a new department was set up to suppress the Thugs. The thugs were caught in large numbers ; They were either put to death or punished severely.

Educational reforms 

Act of 1813 to promote western education through the medium of English. As a result English became a medium of instruction in India. He opened a medical college at Calcutta and established Elphinston College at Bombay.

Estimate

He carried out many useful reforms in the social, administrative, financial and judicial fields. For his sympathetic attitude towards the Indians, he can be compared to Lord Ripon. He promoted English education in India and did a lot for the welfare of the people.

Practice question 

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