A short description about India’s Constitution And Liberal Democracy

The Constitution of India sought to cast India as a liberal, democratic republic, in keeping with the ideals of the members of the Constituent Assembly.

Democracy vs Republic

A democracy is a system of government where popular vote selects who gets to govern and make decisions. Republics are democracies, but come with a set of limitations on the powers of government. In a Republic, there exist inalienable rights which cannot be taken away by majority vote. The Indian Constitution, thus is a republican one, and bestows rights on its citizens which they cannot be deprived of by majority vote.

However, constitutions can be amended. As with most democratic constitutions, the Indian Constitution has provisions that allow it to be amended with a two-thirds majority in both Houses of Parliament, and a simple majority in a majority of state legislatures. Courts have ruled that this power of amendment is limited, but that’s a discussion for another day.

Popular Will

The popular will of Indians, as borne out by electoral results, often stands in contrast to the constitution. Unconstitutional ideas often seem to have wide popular acceptance, including

• Exclusion of citizens on the basis on not speaking the majority language of the state
• Preferential treatment of citizens on the basis of caste or religion
• Subversion of constitutional affirmative action by forward castes that now want reservations!
• Misuse of Constitutional protection for Minorities, and conversely, subversion of such protections

While these and similar ideas are hard to codify into law — they would be thrown in a jiffy by courts — it is not very hard to set up an informal system of preferential treatment helped out by a pliant bureaucracy and police force. Past governments in UP have been not-so-shining examples of caste and religious groupings (M-Y etc.) that voted a government into power being treated preferentially.

A rather openly majoritarian government being elected in the same state is now cause for concern. The sudden heightened concern stands in contrast to significant lack of concern shown for lapses by the “other” side in the past (riots, accusation of bias shown towards M-Y by the police etc.). However, while a pendulum does swing, and how, it cannot be of much comfort to the liberal mind that the shoe has moved to the other foot.

Adolf Hitler (1889 —1945 and Nazism in Germany (A. D. 1933 --A. D. 1945) MeinKampf

Adolf Hitler (1889 —1945)

   
   Adolf Hitler was born in 1889 in Austria. His father was a custom officer. He lost his parents very early. He went to Vienna for jop.

   He was a painter for sometime. He joined the army during the First World War and fought bravely for which he was awarded the lron Cross. After the war, he did not get any job and he took to politics. He organized a group of men called the National Socialists in 1919, which became Nazist party. He gave his group a programme, a symbol and uniform. The followers of Hitler were called 'Brown Shirts' and he was called 'Fuhrer' (Lesder) His party emblem was Swastika His secret police was Gestapo.

   Hitler began his political career as an agitator. In 1923, he made an attempt to capture power  It was known as 'Beer Hall Revolution '. But he failed and was arrested for high treason and sentenced to 5 years improvement. While he was in prison he wrote a book called 'Mein Kampf (my Struggle) , which became the bible of Nazis.Soon he was released.

Capture of power 

    Under the inspiring leadership of Hitler, the Nazi party grew in power and number. In the electron of 1932, the Nazi party become the 2nd largest group in the German Parliament (Reichstag - Lower House). In 1933, the Nazists became the largest party in the Germany Parliament, and Hitler became the Chancellor and Hindenburg as president. On the death of President Hindenburg in August 1934, Hitler made himself president and Chancellor. He abolished the Weimer Republic and proclaimed Third Reich (Empire) wrth himself as dictator. Thus Hitler became the Fuhrer (LEADER) of Germany. Hitlar declared
 
       * 'One people' 
       * 'One State '
       * 'One Leader '
Achievements of Hitler

   The Nazis glorified the German State, Hitler boasted about the superiority of the Nordic race which stood for the rise of all the great culture and had utmost contempt for the Semitic Jews. He wanted to maintain a German race with Nordic elements. He ordered the Jews to be persecuted.

   Hitler believed in action, force and terrorism. There was no scope for public liberty. Nazism was an one party state and all other parties were outlawed.

Hitler 's Aggressive police

   Hitler introduced conscription and reared Germany. He followed the policy of aggression and conquered territories to accommodate the growing population and to accumulate resources. He pulled Germany out of the League of Nations in 1933. In 1936  he re occupied Rhine land  the demilitarized zone and violated the Locarno treaty of 1925.

Rome - Berlin - Tokyo Axis.

   He annexed Austria in 1938. When he wanted to annexe Sudetenland from C echo Slovakia, an agreement was signed between Germany and Neville chamberlain, the then prime Minister of Great Britain at Munich in 1938. By the Munich pact Germany was allowed to annex the Sudetenland but not to conquer any more territories. In 1939, Hitler violated the Munich agreement by annexing the whole of Czech Slovakia. It greatly alarmed Britain and France.

In 1941, Hitler invaded Russia,      

     breaking the Non - aggression pact with Stalin. This invasion failed to achieve the quick triumph that Hitler wanted. In 1945 the allied forces entered Berlin, Hitler having lost all hopes of success committed suicide in his bunker. After the death of Hitler  the Second World War came to an end and the Nazi party was also fizzled away. 

C. Rajagopalachari Hsitory Kula Kalvi Thittam Chanakya 1937 provincial Election

C. Rajagopalachari

    C. Rajaji was born on December 10th 1878 Thorappalli . He became a lawyer at Salem in 1898 .Rajagopalachari joined the Indian Nation Congress and participated in the Calcutta session 1906 . He became the staunch follower of Gandhiji. He participated in the surat session in 1907. In 1930, he broke the salt laws at Vedaranyam.

March to Vedaranyam from Thiruchirapalli                                            

     with hundreds of volunteers to break salt laws. He won the 1937 provincial election and became the Chief Minister of Madras presidency. During his administration he introduced Prohibition, passed several laws to uplift Adi Dravidr and other depressed classes. He also made Hindi as compulsory subject but it was opposed by Periyar EVR. He resigned his Chief ministarship in 1939 in protest against the use of Indian men and materials the second world War by the British Government without their consent . He became the first Indian Governor General of free India . In 1952 he formed the ministry in Tamilnadu. During that time he introduced Kula Kalvi Thittam But it was opposed by Kamaraj and Periyar EVR and at last Rajaji resigned from Chief Ministership in 1954. Later he resigned from Congress and founded Swatandra party in 1959. Rajaji wrote many book. He wrote Sakkravarthi Thirumagal , Vyassar Virudu and commentaries on Gita and Upanisad. In 1955, he was awarded Bharat Ratana '. He died on Dec. 25 , 1972 . He was often referred as Chanakya' for his diplomatic skills.

The United Nations Organization Major Achievements of the United Nations

United Nations Organization. 

   The United Nations Organization, an international organization was established in 1945 . During the second world War (in 1941) the American president F. D. Roosevelt and the British prime Minister Winston Churchill met on a battle ship and concluded the Atlantic charter.  This charter was discussed in various conferences .

   It was finally discovered in the San Francisco conference of 1045. The UN Harter was signed at San Francisco on 26th June 1945 . As the result UNO came into persent UNO came into existence on 24th October 1945. At present UNO has 193 members with head quarters at New York

Main Objective

   To maintain international peace and security

    To develop friendly relations among nations

    To settle international disputes by peaceful means

    To be a centre for helping nations to achieve these goals.

    Organs of the UNO

    The UNO has six major organs . They are ,

1.The General Assembly.
2.Tne Security Council.
3.The Economic and Social Council.
4.Trusteehip Council.
5.The International Court of Justice.
6.The Secretariat.

Specialized Agencies 

    The specialized agencies of the UNO are meny . A few are mentioned below .

1.The World Health Organization (WHO)
2.The United Nations Educational, Scientific and cultural Organizations (UNESCO)
3.The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
4. The International Labour Organisations (ILO)
5.Food and Agricultural Organisations (FAO)
6.International Monetary Fund (IMF)
7.International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
    The Organization develop the economic and social aspects of the member countries.

Major Achievements of the United Nations 

    *  UNO has rendered a great service in establishing peace and security by solving various problems generally political disputes by International Court of Justice and others by special agencies .

    *  The UNO has solved many international disputes and preserves peace in the world through peaceful negotiations .

    *  It settled disputes between Israel and Palestine, Iran and Iraq withdrawal of soviet troops from Afghanistan .

   *  It has signed NTBT(Nuclear Test Ban Treaty)  in 1963 and CTBT) Compre
hensive Test Ban Trrsty I. Treaty in 1996.

   *  At the UN Conferences on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 , all countries adopted "Agenda 21" -
a blueprint to promote sustainable development or the concept of economic growth while protecting natural resources .

   *  The UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) and the International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW) have supported programs and projects to improve the quality of life for women in over 100 countries.

   *  The UNO played a vital role in the Suez canal crisis of 1956 . It made France, Britain and Israel to withdraw troops from Egypt. The UNO also settled the Korea

50th Anniversary Celebration 

   In 1995 the United Nations celebrated its 50th Anniversary of service to the global community. An overall theme of the celebration, "We The people of the United Nations. United for a Better World," was endorsed by the General Assembly in October 1993. In November 1995 the UN flag was carried into outer space by the astronauts of the Space Shuttle Atlantis, to salute United Nations work for the world peace.